Physicochemical characterization and repellent activity of encapsulated botanicals against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti
Keywords:
Aedes aegypti, Dengue vector, Microencapsulation, Nanoencapsulation, Sustainable mosquito managementAbstract
Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue continue to pose significant public health challenges worldwide, primarily due to the rapid distribution and adaptability of Aedes aegypti. Conventional chemical control methods are increasingly limited by issues such as insecticide resistance, short residual activity, and environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and repellent efficacy of encapsulated essential oils (micro- and nano-formulations) against the dengue vector A. aegypti. Essential oils from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), and neem (Azadirachta indica) were assessed for their repellent potential. Bioassays revealed that lemongrass oil exhibited the highest repellency, providing up to three hours of protection at the highest concentration among unencapsulated treatments. Encapsulation markedly enhanced both the efficacy and persistence of repellency. Specifically, microencapsulated lemongrass oil with chitosan provided up to seven hours of repellency, while nanoencapsulated lemongrass oil extended protection to nine hours against adult A. aegypti. Successful encapsulation was confirmed through zeta potential analysis, demonstrating stable formulations. Overall, the findings highlight that micro- and nanoencapsulation significantly improve the longevity and effectiveness of essential oil-based repellents, offering a promising eco-friendly approach for sustainable dengue vector management. Future research should focus on optimizing encapsulation parameters to achieve enhanced controlled release and prolonged field efficacy.
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