Assessment of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park, Perlis, Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10206965Keywords:
Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Edible, Diversity, IUCN, MacrofungiAbstract
Macrofungi play a diverse role in ecosystems, serving as decomposers, sources of food, and providers of medicinal benefits to humans for millennia. However, the status of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park is poorly understood. This study aims to identify the diversity of macrofungi species in Perlis State Park. Sampling was conducted using both opportunistic and selective approaches along a transect line comprising 10 trails during the rainy season between 2019 and 2023. Identification was based on the morphological characteristics of macrofungi. A total of 69 species of macrofungi were discovered, including 59 species from Basidiomycota and 10 species from Ascomycota. These species can be categorized into eight groups, namely Cup (2), Gill (20), Shelf and Bracket (16), Bolete (7), Coral (6), Jelly (6), Earthball and Puffball (4), and Tooth (4) fungi. Of the identified macrofungi species, 33 are confirmed to be edible. Additionally, three species from the Cordycipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae families within the suborders of Ascomycota are entomopathogenic. Some microfungi fall under the category of 'Least Concern (LC)' according to the IUCN Red List. Our study highlights the importance of macrofungi diversity in Perlis State Park, which can be instrumental for conservation and educational purposes
References
Alem, D., Dejene, T., Oria-de-Rueda, J. A., & Martín-Pinto, P. (2021). Survey of macrofungal diversity and analysis of edaphic factors influencing the fungal community of church forests in dry Afromontane areas of northern Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 496, 119391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119391
Anuwar, N. A. A., Sobri, S. A., Hermawan, A., Hambali, K. A., Ismail, W. O. A. S. W., & Amini, M. H. M. (2020). The potential of eco-tourism: a narrative case study of Perlis state park, Malaysia. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(15), 3070-3077.
Begum, N. (2021) Diversity of Macrofungi, Bhumi Publishing
Bortier, M. F., Andivia, E., Genon, J. G., Grebenc, T., & Deckmyn, G. (2018). Towards understanding the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest phosphorus cycling : a modelling approach. Central European Forestry Journal, 64(2), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0037
Chang, S. T. and Quimio, T. H. 1982. Tropical Mushrooms: Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press Hong Kong.
Chang, Y. S., & Lee, S. S. (2004). Utilisation of macrofungi species in Malaysia. Fungal Diversity, 15(2), 15-22.
Chepkirui, C., Yuyama, K. T., Wanga, L. A., Decock, C., Matasyoh, J. C., Abraham, W.-R., & Stadler, M. (2018). Microporenic Acids A–G, Biofilm Inhibitors, and Antimicrobial Agents from the Basidiomycete Microporus Species. Journal of Natural Products, 81(4), 778–784. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00764
Chew, A. L. C., Desjardin, D. E., Tan, Y.-S., Musa, M. Y., & Sabaratnam, V. (2015). Bioluminescent fungi from Peninsular Malaysia—a taxonomic and phylogenetic overview. Fungal Diversity, 70(1), 149–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0302-9
de Mattos-Shipley, K. M. J., Ford, K. L., Alberti, F., Banks, A. M., Bailey, A. M., & Foster, G. D. (2016). The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms. Studies in Mycology, 85, 125–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002
Ekblad, A., Wallander, H., Godbold, D. L., Cruz, C., Johnson, D., Baldrian, P., Björk, R. G., Epron, D., Kieliszewska-Rokicka, B., Kjøller, R., Kraigher, H., Matzner, E., Neumann, J., & Plassard, C. (2013). The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling. Plant and Soil, 366(1–2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1630-3
Gilbert, G. S., Ferrer, A., & Carranza, J. (2002). Polypore fungal diversity and host density in a moist tropical forest. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11(6), 947–957. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015896204113
Hanum, I. F., Osman, K., & Latiff, A. (2001). Kepelbagaian Biologi Dan Pengurusan Taman negeri perlis: Persekitaran Fizikal Dan Biologi wang kelian. Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Perlis.
Jonsell, M., & Nordlander, G. (2002). Insects in polypore fungi as indicator species: A comparison between forest sites differing in amounts and continuity of Dead Wood. Forest Ecology and Management, 157(1–3), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00662-9
Jordan, P., & Wheeler, S. (2005). The Complete Book of Mushrooms: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Edible Mushrooms and over 100 delicious ways to cook them. Lorenz.
Jordan, M. (2004). The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe. Frances Lincoln.
Læssøe, T. (2013). Mushrooms & Toadstools: The Definitive Guide to Fungi. Dorling Kindersley.
Lawrence, E., & Harniess, S. (2007). Identification guides: British & European Mushrooms & other fungi. Flame Tree Publishing.
Lee, S. S., Alias, S. A., Jones, E. B. G., Zainuddin, N. and Chan, H. T. 2012. Checklist of Fungi of Malaysia. Research Pamphlet No. 132. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences University of Malaya (IOES), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE), Malaysia. Selangor, Malaysia: Swan Printing Sdn.
Bhd.Lee, S. S. (2017). A field guide to the larger fungi of Frim. Forest Research Institute Malaysia.
Luangharn, T., Karunarathna, S. C., Dutta, A. K., Paloi, S., Promputtha, I., Hyde, K. D., ... & Mortimer, P. E. (2021). Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae, basidiomycota) species from the greater mekong subregion. Journal of Fungi, 7(10), 819
Lutzoni, F., Nowak, M. D., Alfaro, M. E., Reeb, V., Miadlikowska, J., Krug, M., Arnold, A. E., Lewis, L. A., Swofford, D. L., Hibbett, D., Hilu, K., James, T. Y., Quandt, D., & Magallón, S. (2018). Contemporaneous radiations of fungi and plants linked to symbiosis. Nature Communications, 9(1), 5451. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07849-9
Oria-de-Rueda, J. A., Martín-Pinto, P., & Olaizola, J. (2008). Bolete productivity of cistaceous scrublands in northwestern spain1. Economic Botany, 62(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-008-9031-x
Pace, G. (1998). Mushrooms of the world: With 20 photographs and 634 full color illustrations of species and varieties. Firefly Books.
Pettenella, D., Secco, L., & Maso, D. (2007). NWFP&S marketing: Lessons learned and new development paths from case studies in some European countries. Small-Scale Forestry, 6(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-007-9032-0
Rahimatsah, A., & Kasim, O. (2002). The administration and management of Perlis State Park. Forest Department of Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
Song, J., Chen, L., Chen, F., & Ye, J. (2019). Edaphic and host plant factors are linked to the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the root zone of endangered ulmus chenmoui cheng in China. Ecology and Evolution, 9(15), 8900–8910. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5446
Seelan, J. S. S., Justo, A., Nagy, L. G., Grand, E. A., Redhead, S. A., & Hibbett, D. (2015). Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in Lentinus , Polyporellus and Neofavolus , emphasizing southeastern Asian taxa. Mycologia, 107(3), 460–474. https://doi.org/10.3852/14-084
Tan, T. K. (1990). A guide to tropical fungi. Singapore Science Centre.
Tuah, P. M., Atong, M., & Zahari, N. Z. (2018). Wild fungi of sabah: A pictorial documentation. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Wei, Y., Li, L., Liu, Y., Xiang, S., Zhang, H., Yi, L., Shang, Y., & Xu, W. (2022). Identification techniques and detection methods of edible fungi species. Food Chemistry, 374, 131803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131803
Wong,S.L. 2002. Plant life. The Pearl of Perlis. Perlis State Park. Forest Department Perlis
Ye, L., Li, H., Mortimer, P. E., Xu, J., Gui, H., Karunarathna, S. C., Kumar, A., Hyde, K. D., & Shi, L. (2019). Substrate Preference Determines Macrofungal Biogeography in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. Forests, 10(10), 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100824
Zainuddin, N., Lee, S. S., Chan, H. T., & Thi, B. K. (2010). A guidebook to the macrofungi of Tasik Bera. Kepong: Forest Research Institute Malaysia.
Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Chen, Y., Liu, T., Zhang, S., Fan, H., Liu, H., & Li, Y. (2021). Healthy function and high valued utilization of edible fungi. Food Science and Human Wellness, 10(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2021.04.003
Zoberi, M. H. (1972). Tropical Macrofungi. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01618-1
JWB applies the 